Common Knowledge Things that are common knowledge do not require citation. For example: Social networking sites such as Facebook allow people to communicate easily regardless of their location. Getting started We understand that citing your sources can be a little confusing, but it doesn't have to be overwhelming. Before you start, ask yourself these questions: 1.
Journal article? Library database? Was it a print source? Library Home. Information Literacy. Library Forms. Research Databases. In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations are associated with end-of-paper citations that provide full details about an information source.
Note: Different source types and situations require different information within the parentheses. Refer to a style guide for the style you are using for details. In Chicago and CSE styles, in-text citations usually appear as superscript numerals, or note numbers , as follows:. These note numbers are associated with full citations that can appear as footnotes bottom of page , endnotes end of chapter or paper , or lists of cited references at the end of the paper.
End-of-paper citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, include full details about a source of information. Citations contain different pieces of identifying information about your source depending on what type of source it is.
In academic research, your sources will most commonly be articles from scholarly journals, and the citation for an article typically includes:. There are many other types of sources you might use, including books, book chapters, films, song lyrics, musical scores, interviews, e-mails, blog entries, art works, lectures, websites and more.
To determine which details are required for a citation for a particular source type, find that source type within the style guide for the citation style you are using. At the end of your research paper, full citations should be listed in order according to the citation style you are using:. When you search the library's databases for articles or e-books, the list of search results you see is actually a list of full citations.
Harvard College Writing Program. Harvard University; Newton, Philip. Academic Skills Centre. University of Canberra; Using Sources. Yale College Writing Center. Yale University. You must cite research in order to do research, but at the same time, you must delineate what are your original thoughts and ideas and what are the thoughts and ideas of others. Procedures used to cite sources vary among different fields of study. Always speak with your professor about what writing style for citing sources should be used for the class because it is important to fully understand the citation style to be used in your paper, and to apply it consistently.
If your professor defers and tells you to "choose whatever you want, just be consistent," then choose the citation style you are most familiar with or that is appropriate to your major [e.
Should I avoid referencing other people's work? If placed in the proper context, r eferencing other people's research is never an indication that your work is substandard or lacks originality. In fact, the opposite is true.
If you write your paper without adequate references to previous studies, you are signaling to the reader that you are not familiar with the literature about the topic, thereby, undermining the validity of your study and your credibility as a researcher. Including references in academic writing not only defends you against allegations of plagiarism, but it is one of the most important ways to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of previous investigations about the research problem.
It is the intellectual packaging around which you present your study to the reader. What should I do if I find that my idea has already been examined by another researcher? Do not ignore another author's work because doing so will lead your readers to believe that you have either borrowed the idea or information without properly referencing it [this is plagiarism] or that you have failed to conduct a thorough review of the literature.
You can acknowledge the other research by writing in the text of your paper something like this: [see also Smith, ], then citing the complete source in your list of references. Use the discovery of prior research as an opportunity to demonstrate the significance of the problem being investigated and, if applicable, as a means of delineating your analysis from those of others [e.
What should I do if I want to use an adapted version of someone else's work? You still must cite the original work. For example, maybe you are using a table of statistics from a journal article published in by author Smith, but you have altered or added new data to it. Reference the revised chart, such as, [adapted from Smith, ], then cite the complete source in your list of references.
You can also use other terms in order to specify the exact relationship between the original source and the version you have presented, such as, "based on Smith [] F Harlow. Upper Darby, PA: U. Department of Agriculture. Jenkins, S. Castor canadensis. Mammalian Species. Citations : When you cite the source of information in the report, you give a number in parentheses that corresponds to the number of the source in the alphabetical listing in the "References.
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that grow near water 4. Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters of hardwoods 3. References : The sources are listed in alphabetical order and numbered accordingly, as in the following book and article. Citations : When you cite the sources of information in the report, you give a number in brackets that corresponds to the number of the source listed in the order in which they appear in the report, the source listed first as [1], the next source [2], etc.
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that grow near water [1].
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