The recent seizure of more than four kilograms of MDPV imported into Australia suggests a market for the drug still exists. MDPV is a white crystalline powder in its pure form, but manufacturing impurities often render it from off-white to pale brown.
The main psychoactive effects last two to three hours, and side-effects persist for several additional hours. Users report MDPV produces euphoria, feelings of empathy although less so than MDMA , increased sociability, mental and physical stimulation, and sexual arousal. Side-effects, particularly at high doses, can include anxiety and paranoia, delusions, muscle spasms, and an elevated heart rate.
In extreme cases, MDPV has been linked to rhabdomyolysis rapid muscle breakdown , brain injury, and death. MDPV produces its effects by inhibiting the reuptake of two important signalling molecules neurotransmitters in the brain; norepinephrine and dopamine. By blocking the ability of certain brain cells neurons to reabsorb these neurotransmitters, MDPV effectively increases the intensity and duration of norepinephrine and dopamine signalling.
Cocaine works in a similar way, but in a lab test, MDPV was a much more potent inhibitor than cocaine. Other norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors NDRIs include pharmaceuticals such as methylphenidate known as ritalin and used to treat ADHD and buproprion an antidepressant.
Analyses of blood were conducted using liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry. When it was sold in mixtures, other psychoactive substances primarily included lidocaine, 4-methylethcathinone 4-MEC , butylone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrrolidinynbutiophenone MDPBP 5. MDPV is a light brown or white hygroscopic, crystalline powder, which is usually supplied in the form of tablets, capsules or powders. The dosages contained in a single package range widely from 10 to mg 5.
It may be administered via oral ingestion, nasal insufflation, smoking, and more rarely, intravenous or intramuscular injection or via the rectum. Oral and non-oral routes have the same overall effect, but non-oral routes produce faster and shorter effects 1.
The dosages vary according to the route of administration and the dependence of an individual. The starting dosages are 1 to 5 mg and typical dosages range between 5 and 20 mg 2 , 8.
Redosing is very common; the amount consumed over a single session can be higher than 20 mg and dosages as high as mg have been reported. MDPV users may quickly develop tolerance and consequently tend to consume higher dosages 9. MDPV, like other cathinones, is often used in conjunction with alcohol or other controlled substances.
MDPV acts as a central nervous system stimulant and has been reported to produce effects similar to those of methamphetamine, methylphenidate and amphetamine. The mechanism of action of MDPV is primarily to inhibit the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine The primary psychoactive effects last 3 to 4 h, with the after-effects lasting from 6 to 8 h.
Little is known about the pharmacology, human or animal toxicity, addiction or acute overdose potential or the long-term effects of MDPV.
The desired psychoactive effects include euphoria, increased energy and motivation, mental stimulation, increased concentration, increased sociability and sexual stimulation. Overdoses can lead to tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, sweating, insomnia, nausea, dizziness, rhabdomyolysis, seizure, stroke, cerebral edema, cardiorespiratory collapse, myocardial infarction and death.
Behavioral effects include panic attacks, anxiety, agitation, confusion, severe paranoia, auditory and visual hallucinations, psychosis, suicidal ideation, self-mutilation and behavior that is aggressive, violent and self-destructive 12— In addition, the paper also discusses the concentrations and interpretations of MDPV levels.
A passenger car crashed into a truck and the driver of the car suffered severe injuries, resulting in his death. A man with a history of drug addiction was found unresponsive after a night of partying. A concubine testified that he had taken a product called Speedway while at the party. The autopsy showed emacitation, external hydrocephalus and atherosclerosis. The man also suffered from human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection. A year-old woman was arrested by police on suspicion of the possession of narcotics.
A blood sample from the woman was submitted for toxicological analysis for the presence of drugs of abuse. A year-old driver was stopped for a routine traffic control.
Poor reactions to light and slurred speech were observed in the driver. Drug-free whole blood samples used for the development and validation of the method and for preparing controls were obtained from a regional blood donation center.
Blank blood was screened for common drugs of abuse including MDPV and alcohol, with negative results. To the blood samples 0. The analytes were isolated by precipitation with MeCN. The samples were mixed for 5 min and centrifuged at 13, rpm for 3 min. The organic solvent was transferred to a 2 mL glass vial.
Separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 column 2. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0. The mobile phase was delivered at a flow rate of 0. Under these conditions, the retention time of MDPV was 4. Multiple reaction monitoring MRM was applied with positive ion detection. The following precursor ions and three fragment ions were monitored for each compound: Collision energies V for MDPV and mephedrone- d 3 transitions were 16, 20, 24 and 8, 20, 36, respectively.
The coefficient of determination R 2 value for the curve was 0. This test strip is made for the rapid detection in human urine of MDPV methylenedioxypyrovalerone. It is 1-step rapid test dipstick, which gives a result in just 5 minutes.
It has become popular during under harmless names like " bath salts ", " plant fertilizers " or " research chemicals ", but MDPV is in fact a powerfull psycho-stimulant used as a recreational drug. The NarcoCheck MDPV rapid test is the fastest way to be aware of a recent consumption of this dangerous new drug of abuse. It is made in France and ISO certified. This test will be positive if the sample tested contains at least nanograms of MDPV per milliliter of urine, or negative if the sample contains less or not at all.
The test is immersed directly into the urine sample, which prevents any liquid handling.
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